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Introduction by Anne Alexander
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<p. ii>
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Preface
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i
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Part I: HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
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Chapter One:
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Feudalism in the Arab East
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1
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The Rise of Feudalism and the Arab Golden Age
The Contradictions in the Flowering of the Arab Golden Age
Why the Decline of Feudalism was not accompanied by the Rise of Capitalism
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Chapter Two:
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Napoleon’s Conquest of Egypt (1798) and Mohamed Ali (1805-1849)
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10
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Napoleon’s Conquest of Egypt
Egypt at the Crossroads
Mohamed Ali Smashes the Mamelukes and Introduces Great Changes in Land Property Relations
Mohamed Ali Develops Irrigation and Changes the Organisation of Agricultural Production and Distribution
Development of Industry, Shipbuilding and Transport
Mohamed Ali’s Failure
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Chapter Three:
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The Conquest of Egypt by the European Usurers
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18
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Chapter Four:
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From the Urabi Revolt (1881-2) to the First World War
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24
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The Urabi Revolt and the British Occupation
Public Finances
The Flow of Foreign Capital Continues
The Capitulations
The Development of Agriculture
Autocratic Imperialist Rule and the Beginnings of the National Movement
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Chapter Five:
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Beginnings of the National Movement in Syria, Lebanon, Palestine and Iraq
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31
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Mohamed Ali’s Occupation of Syria, Lebanon and Palestine
The First Shoots of Nationalism
The National Movement Arises, Rejuvenated and More Encompassing
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Part II: IMPERIALISM IN THE ARAB EAST
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Chapter Six:
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The Imperialist Powers’ Stake in the Arab East
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38
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The Arab East as a Route
The Arab East as an Economic Stake:
a) Petroleum
b) Dead Sea Minerals
c) Cotton
The Arab East as a Market and Field for Capital Investment
The Importance of Colonies to the ‘Mother Countries’
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Chapter Seven:
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Imperialism’s Methods of Rule
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50
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The Police and the Army of Occupation
Divide et Impera
The Division of the Arab Countries into Many Small States
The Arab League
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Part III: THE ECONOMIC STRUCTURE OF THE ARAB EAST
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Chapter Eight:
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Industry and Banking in Egypt
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60
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Foreign Capital
Finance Capital
The Merging of Finance Capital with the State
The Increased Industrialization of Egypt
The Concentration of Capital in Industry
Rationalization, Productivity of Labour and the Rate of Exploitation in Industry
The Rate of Profit in Industry
The Conditions of Life of Urban Workers
The Narrowness of Local Markets Hampers Industrialization of Egypt
Egyptian Industry During the War
How Foreign and Egyptian Capital Prepare for the Period after the War and the ‘Reconstruction’
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<p. iii>
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Chapter Nine:
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The Agrarian Question in Egypt
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75
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Land Property Relations
What is the Feudal Mode of Production?
Egyptian Agriculture as an Economy of Transition:
a) Agriculture and the Deveopment of Commerce
b) The ‘Freeing’ of the Toilers from the Land
c) ‘Non-Economic’ Compulsion
d) The technique of Agriculture
Peasants, Tenants and Workers
The Class Structure of the Agricultural Population
The Standard of Life of the Agricultural Toilers
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Chapter Ten:
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The Economic Structure of Palestine
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86
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General Features of Palestine’s Economy
Foreign Capital
The Features of the Jewish and Arab Economies
The Connections Between the Arab and Jewish Economies
Is the Jewish Economy a Normal One?
The Standard of Living of Jewish and Arab Workers
Summary and Conclusions
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Chapter Eleven:
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The Agrarian Question in Palestine
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98
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Feudalism and Capitalism in Agriculture
The Musha’a
The Backwardness of the Fellah’s Farm
Rent, Interest on Loans and Taxes
The Fellah’s Standard of Living
The Arab Village Proletariat
Zionist Colonization:
a) Farms on Jewish National Fund Land
b) Jewish Citrus Culture
The Influence of Zionism Colonization on the Arab Village
Zionism and the Agrarian Question
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Chapter Twelve:
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The Economic Structure of Syria
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110
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Industry
Agriculture
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Chapter Thirteen:
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The Economy of Iraq
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116
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Part IV: THE NATIONAL MOVEMENT IN THE ARAB EAST
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Chapter Fourteen:
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The Arab National Movement (Mainly Analytical)
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121
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Introduction
The Feudal Lords and the National Movement
The Bourgeoisie and the National Movement
The Petty Bourgeoisie and the National Movement
The Proletariat and the National Movement
The Social Content of the National Movement
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Chapter Fifteen:
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The National Movement in Egypt
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130
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The Social Forces in the National Movement
The Wafd and Imperialism
The Wafd’s Relation to National Movements Outside Egypt
The Wafd and the Question of the Sudan
The Wafd and the Monarchy
The Wafd and Democratic Liberties
The Wafd and Religion
The Wafd and the Peasants and Workers
The Moslem Brotherhood
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Chapter Sixteen:
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The Arab National Movement in Palestine
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143
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Imperialism, Zionism and the Arab National Movement
For the Arab Feudal Lords and Bourgeoisie Zionism is the Sole Source of Discord with Imperialism
Of What Does the Feudal, Semi-Bourgeois Leadership Accuse Zionism?
The Identification of Zionism and the Jews – The Main Weapon in the Hands of the Arab Feudal Reaction
The Feudal Semi-Bourgeois Leaders and the World Forces of Reaction
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Chapter Seventeen:
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The National Movement in Syria and Lebanon
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151
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The Communal Question in Syria and Lebanon
The National Movement and the Communal Question
The Bourgeois-Feudal Leaders Compromise with Imperialism, are Firm with the Masses
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Chapter Eighteen:
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The National Movement in Iraq
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158
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<p. iv>
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Part V: ZIONISM
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Chapter Nineteen:
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Zionism
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162
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The Social Roots of Zionism
Zionism Seeks for Allies among the Reaction
What do the Zionist Say on Their Relation to the Arabs and British Imperialism?
The Place of Zionism in the Defence System of Imperialism
Can Zionism be Anti-Imperialist?
The Attitude of the Zionist Socialist to the Arab Worker
The Protagonists of Bi-Nationalism among the Zionists
Zionism and the Jewish Workers of Palestine
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Part VI: THE WORKING CLASS MOVEMENT IN THE ARAB EAST
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Chapter Twenty:
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Introduction to the Working Class Movement in the Arab East
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175
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Chapter Twenty One:
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The Trade Unions in the Arab East
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178
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Egypt
Palestine
a) The trade unions which contain only Arab workers
b) The General Federation of Jewish Labour in Palestine (Histadrut)
Syria and Lebanon
Iraq
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Chapter Twenty Two:
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The Stalinist Groups in the Arab East
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187
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The Stalinists and the War
The Stalinists and National Unity
The Stalinists and the Agrarian Question
The Stalinists and the Class Interests of the Workers
Patriotism in Bi-National Counties
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Chapter Twenty Three:
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The Rise of an Independent Proletarian Power in Egypt
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195
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Chapter Twenty Four:
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Tasks of the Revolutionary Workers’ Movement of the Arab East
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197
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The Agrarian Revolution
The Unity of the Arab Countries
The National Liberatory Struggle and the International Unity of the Proletariat
Defence of the Rights of National and Communal Minorities
Soviets and The Constituent Assembly
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Table of Weights and Measures
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209
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Bibliography
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210
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