O. Schwarz, Financial Systems of the Great Powers. (Göschen series). Vols. I and II, Leipzig, 1909.
The accompanying table (pp. 1-2)[1] is Table VI, slightly (very slightly) abbreviated: “Economic development and welfare indicators.”
(National wealth mostly according to Mulhall.)
| m. = millions md. = 000 millions |
Great Britain | France | Austria-Hungary | Italy | Russia | ||||||||||||||||||||
| year 18’ |
sum | year 19’ |
sum | year 18’ |
sum | year 19’ |
sum | year 18’ |
sum | year 19’ |
sum | year 18’ |
sum | year 19’ |
sum | year 18’ |
sum | year 19’ |
sum | ||||||
| Commodity import (m.) Commodity export (m.) |
£ £ |
’75 ’75 |
373 292 |
’07 ’07 |
646 518 |
m. francs ” ” |
’75 ’75 |
3,537 3,873 |
’05 ’75 |
4,779 4,867 |
m. kronen ” ” |
’74 ’74 |
1,137 899 |
’04 ’04 |
2,048 2,089 |
lire |
’75 ’75 |
1,207 1,022 |
’06 ’76 |
2,417 1,835 |
m. rubles |
’77 ’77 |
321 528 |
’04 ’04 |
584 955 |
|
pig iron cast iron { mill } Output of steel { tons } coal |
’75 ’80 ’80 ’75 |
6.2 7.9 3.7 132 |
’07 ’07 ’07 ’07 |
10.1 9.1 6.0 268 |
m. tons ” ” ” ” ” ” |
’75 ’80 ’80 ’80 |
1)2.5 1.7 1.4 16.9 |
’03 ’03 ’03 ’07 |
1)6.2 2.8 1.9 36.9 |
’80 ’80 ’80 ’80 |
1)0.6 0.3 0.7 13.3 |
’02 ’02 1897 ’06 |
1)3.3 1.0 1.3 45.8 |
’80 ’80 ’80 ’80 |
1)0.14 0.01 0.08 0.3 |
’02 ’02 ’02 ’07 |
1)0.41 0.03 0.27 0.5 |
m. tons |
’82 ’80 ’80 ’80 |
1)1.08 0.44 0.5 3.77 |
’01 ’00 ’01 ’06 |
4.72 2.91 2.0 21.3 |
|||
| Number of spindles in cotton industry (m.) |
’78 | 47.4 | ’07 | 50.7 | sugar production m. kg. |
’82 ’82 |
10.6 337 |
’07 ’07 |
6.8 727 |
? | ’06 | 3.6 | ? | ’07 | 3.5 | ’90 | 3.5 | ’06 | 6.6 | ||||||
|
wheat { } oats { } Grain harvest barley { mill. } rye { } grape harvest |
bushels |
’86 ’86 ’86 |
63.3 170.4 78.3 — — |
’07 ’07 ’07 |
56.5 183.7 67.1 — — |
m. hectolitres ” ” ” ” ” ” ” ” |
’75 ’75 — ’75 ’75 |
102 69 — 27.4 78.2 |
’03 ’03 — ’03 ’03 |
128 106 — 20.4 35.2 |
estimated cereal crop (m. cent- ners) |
? |
’03 |
}597 |
m. hectolitres ” ” ” ” |
’79-83 ’79-83 ’79-83 |
46.8 29.7 (maize) 36.3 |
’06 ’06 ’06 |
62.2 32.8 (maize) 29.8 |
m. poods (European Russia and Poland) |
? |
’06 ’06 — ’06 |
608 542 — 977 — |
||
|
cattle { } sheep { } Livestock pigs { mill. } horses { } |
’74 ’74 ’74 ’74 |
6.1 30.3 2.4 1.3 |
’07 ’07 ’07 ’07 |
6.9 26.1 2.6 1.6 |
(m.) |
’73 ’73 ’73 ’73 |
11.5 23.9 5.5 2.7 |
’06 ’06 ’06 ’06 |
14.0 17.5 7.1 3.2 |
’80 ’80 ’80 ’80 |
13.9 13.7 6.9 3.6 |
’00’07[2] ’00’07[2] ’00’07[2] ’00’07[2] |
15.4 10.2 9.6 4.0 |
(+goats) |
’75 ’75 ’75 ’75 |
3.5 7.0 1.3 0.7 |
’05 ’05 ’05 ’05 |
5.7 10.8 2.2 0.8 |
(European Russia and Poland) (+goats) |
’88 ’88 ’88 ’88 |
27.6 48.2 10.8 20.9 |
’07 ’07 ’07 ’07 |
33.5 39.5 10.5 22.0 |
||
| Gainfully employed as percent- of population |
% | ’85 | ?10.0%1) | ’01 | 44.0% | ? | ’01 | 51.3% | ? | ’00 | 51.5% | ? | ’01 | 50.1% | ? | 1897 | 24.9% | ||||||||
|
Railway length, thousands passengers carried (m.) goods ” |
miles income ( from ) £ (m.) |
’76 ’76 ’76 |
16.9 539 33.8 |
’07 ’07 ’07 |
23.1 1,259 58.4 |
km. m. tons |
’75 ’75 ’75 |
32.5 131 58.9 |
’02 ’03 ’03 |
49.9 527 128 |
km. |
’70’80 ’83 ’83 |
9.618.5[3] 54.5 71.8 |
’02 ’03 ’03 |
49.9 527 128 |
km. m. m. tons |
’80 ’87 |
8.7 45.5 15.1 |
’04 ’03 |
16.2 68.0 23.7 |
km. 2)m. poods |
’80 |
23.5 ? ? |
’02 ’06 ’06 |
52.3 125.5 9.4 |
|
Posts and telegraph {letters delivered (m.) {telegrams ” ” |
’76 ’75 |
1,019 20.8 |
’07 ’07 |
2,863 93.8 |
’75 ’75 |
367 7.6 |
’03 ’03 |
1,062 37.4 |
’74 ’74 |
2)448 5.8 |
’06 ’06 |
1,164 37.7 |
’85 ’85 |
188 6.8 |
’04 ’04 |
293 15.2 |
(letters and post- cards) |
’83 ’83 |
126.4 10.2 |
’04 ’05 |
810 151 |
||||
|
Navy sailing vessels { m. } tonnage steamships {tons} |
’76 ’76 |
4.3 2.0 |
’07 ’07 |
1.6 2)16.5 |
’75 ’75 |
0.8 0.2 |
’03 ’03 |
0.6 0.6 |
’77 ’77 |
0.3 0.05 |
’06 ’06 |
0.05 0.3 |
’77 ’77 |
0.9 0.02 |
’06 ’06 |
0.5 0.5 |
’83 ’83 |
0.5 0.1 |
’05 ’05 |
0.3 0.4 |
|||||
| National wealth |
£ m. £ md. |
’88 ’82 |
10.8 3)601 |
1896 ’07 |
11.8 3)944 |
md. francs | ’88 | 224 | 1896 | 224 | 4)m. kronen | ’88 | 105 | 1896 | 108 | md. lire | ’88 | 73.1 | 1896 | 89.6 | md. rubles | ’88 | 256 | 1896 | 283 |
| Savings-bank deposits (m.) |
Trustees and com- panies Postal savings bank |
’82 ’82 |
44.3 39.0 |
’07 ’07 |
52.2 157.5 |
m. francs Postal sav- ings banks |
’82 ’75 |
2)65 660 |
’03 ’03 |
435 3,188 |
Savings banks Postal savings banks |
’803) ’91 ’82-92 ’863) |
744 906 144 3 |
’06 ’01 ’06 ’01 |
4,904 1,397 606 73 |
Savings banks Postal savings banks |
’80 ’80 |
687 ? |
1895 1895 |
1,344 266 |
m. rubles | ’92 | 250 | ’08 | 1,163 |
| Property subject to inheritance tax | Endowments and inheritances | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| £ m. | ’98 | 247.3 | ’07 | 282.3 | m. francs | ’75 | 5321 | ’03 | 6,421 | ||||||||||||||||
|
Life insurance fire ” |
£ m. £ md. |
’75 ’82 |
37.2 2.8 |
’00 ’02 |
656 10.6 |
m. francs ” ” |
’76 ’76 |
1,507 3)79 |
’03 ’03 |
3,593 3)118 |
m. kronen md. kronen |
’75 ’82 |
823 15.0 |
’01-05 ’00 |
3,451 46.8 |
m. lire md. lire |
’75 ’82 |
52 6.2 |
’00 ’02 |
850 52.7 |
m. ruble md. ruble |
’75 ’82 |
33 16.3 |
’00 ’02 |
536 39.2 |
|
Per-capita consumption: {wheat {rye meat {spirits {beer {wine {crude sugar {tobacco {coffee {tea {cocoa {coal (and brown coal) {pig iron |
kg. ” ” litres ” ” kg. ” ” ” ” tons kg. |
’79-83 ’90 ’85-89 ’84 ’79 ’79 ’79 ’79 ’83 ’81 |
{163.1 {— 4)44.6 {4.3 {124.8 {1.7 30.6 0.65 0.44 2.14 0.13 3.85 194.9 |
’02-06 ’04 ’00-05 ’07 ’06 ’06 ’06 ’06 ’06 ’06 |
{166.2 {— 4)51.6 {4.6 {138.7 {1.5 39.9 0.80 0.31 2.76 0.55 4.08 199.4 |
’79-83 ’85-89 ’85-89 ’85-89 ’79-83 ’79-83 ’79 ’79 ’79 ’83 ’81 |
}252.9 7.6 21.3 92.2 9.6 0.90 1.55 0.01 0.3 0.8 52.1 |
’01-05 ’00-05 ’00-05 ’00-05 ’02-06 ’01-05 ’06 ’06 ’06 ’07 ’06 |
}237.8 8.1 26.6 116.3 13.8 0.98 2.51 0.03 0.6 1.3 82.4 |
’80-84 ’85-89 ’85-89 ’85-89 ’83-7 ’97 ’79 ’79 ’94 ’83 ’79 |
}155.9 8.8 32.0 22.4 6.5 0.7 0.5 0.004 0.02 0.4 11.8 |
’02-06 ’00-05 ’00-05 ’00-05 ’02-06 ’06 ’06 ’06 ’05 ’06 |
}174.0 10.3 42.2 17.8 15.1 ? 1.0 0.03 0.07 0.8 29.6 |
’84 ’85-9 ’85-9 ’85-9 ’79-83 ’84 ’79 — ’94 ’83 ’91 |
}123 1.5 0.8 96.2 2.6 0.6 0.5 — 0.02 0.08 3.9 |
’06 ’00-05 ’00-05 ’00-05 ’99-03 ’02 ’03 — ’06 ’05 ’03 |
}145 1.3 0.78 112 3.1 0.5 0.5 — 0.04 0.2 6.1 |
1888 ’85-9 ’85-9 ’85-9 ’83-7 ’97 ’84 ’94 ’83 ’81 |
}13.1 }108.7 6.46 3.3 ? 3.8 0.57 — 0.4 0.01 0.06 8.4 |
’06 ’00-04 ’00-04 ’00-04 ’02-06 ’03 ’04 ’06 ’04 ’04 |
}80.0 }142.0 4.94 4.4 ? 7.2 ? — 0.5 0.02 0.15 26.1 |
||||
| Notes and additions: |
1) An obvious imprint 2) This is “gross” (10.0 net) 3) National income (from “deposits”) 4) Including beef 21.1 and 24.6 pork 15.3 17.1 mutton 8.1 9.9 |
1) Iron ore |
1) Iron ore 2) Postcards + letters 3) Austria above; Hungary below 4) A misprint? Md.?? |
1) Iron ore |
1) “Iron ore” 2) A misprint? Md. poods? |
||||||||||||||||||||
|
Steam engines (million h.p.) (’75) 0.4 (’03) 2.1 |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
2) “National savings bank”) 3) Premiums paid |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||
| m. = millions md. = 000 millions |
United States | Japan | Germany |
Transcriber’s Note: This table originally appeared as a single fold-out insert meas- uring roughly 12 inches in height by 24 inches in length. Its format, consisting of nine columns (the first contained the categories of quantification as they applied to the eight given countries) has been modified to accommodate the more limit- ed visual field of a computer screen. |
||||||||||||
| year 18’ |
sum | year 19’ |
sum | year 18’ |
sum | year 19’ |
sum | year 18’ |
sum | year 19’ |
sum | |||||
| Commodity import (m.) Commodity export (m.) |
$ m. |
’75 ’75 |
533 513 |
’06 ’06 |
1,227 1,744 |
m. yen |
’75 ’75 |
29.9 18.6 |
’06 ’06 |
418.3 423.8 |
m. marks |
’82 ’82 |
29.9 18.6 |
’06 ’06 |
418.8 423.8 |
|
|
pig iron cast iron { mill } Output of steel { tons } coal |
’75 ’75 ’75 |
2.0 0.4 46.7 |
’06 ’05 ’05 |
25.3 20.0 350.8 |
’90 ’90 |
? }20.7 2.6 |
’03 ’05 |
? }33.3 11.6 |
m. tons |
’87 ’80 ’80 ’87 |
4.0 1.96 1.55 76.2 |
’07 ’03 ’03 ’05 |
12.9 8.8 9.22 193.5 |
|||
| Number of spindles in cotton industry (m.) |
m. bales | cotton industry | spindles (m.) | ’93 | 0.4 | ’05 | 1.4 | Sugar production 000 tons |
’79-9 | 426 | ’06-7 | 2,242 | ||||
| ’75 | 3,827 | ’06 | 11,346 | |||||||||||||
|
wheat { } oats { } Grain harvest barley { mill. } rye { } grape harvest |
m. bushels |
’69-78 ’69-78 ’69-78 ’69-78 |
293.2 306.9 323.5 18.3 |
’06 ’06 ’06 ’06 |
735.2 964.9 178.9 33.4 |
m. koku1) rice barley rye and wheat |
’95 ’95 |
39.9 19.5 |
’06 ’06 |
46.3 20.4 |
m. tons |
’78 ’78 ’78 ’78 |
2.6 5.0 2.3 6.9 |
’07 ’07 ’07 ’07 |
3.5 9.1 3.5 9.7 |
|
|
cattle { } sheep { } Livestock pigs { mill. } horses { } |
’80 ’80 ’80 ’80 |
39.7 42.2 49.8 10.4 |
’07 ’07 ’07 ’07 |
72.5 53.2 54.8 19.7 |
’93 ’99 ’99 ’93 |
1.1 0.002 0.2 1.6 |
’05 ’05 ’05 ’05 |
1.2 0.03 0.2 1.4 |
’83 ’83 ’83 ’83 |
15.8 19.2 9.2 3.5 |
’07 ’07 ’07 ’07 |
20.6 7.7 22.1 4.3 |
||||
| Gainfully employed as percent- of population |
? | ’00 | 38.4% | ? | 1895 | 42.7% | ||||||||||
|
Railway length, thousands passengers carried (m.) goods ” |
(miles) |
’75 ’82 ’77 |
74 375 360 |
’05 ’05 ’05 |
217 745 1,435 |
(miles) |
’81-2 ’91-2 ’91-2 |
0.1 25.8 2.1 |
’05-06 ’05-06 ’05-06 |
4.8 113.7 21.5 |
km. | ’75 |
27.9 ? |
’06 ’06 ’06 |
55.5 1,191 479.9 |
|
|
Posts and telegraph {letters delivered (m.) {telegrams ” ” |
’75 |
17 |
’06 |
97 |
’93-4 ’93-4 |
397 8.4 |
’05-06 ’05-06 |
1252 24.4 |
m 1) |
’76 ’76 |
0.689 10.5 |
’06 ’06 |
4.8 43.4 |
|||
|
Navy sailing vessels { m. } tonnage steamships {tons} |
’75 ’75 |
3.7 1.2 |
’06 ’06 |
2.7 3.97 |
’94 ’94 |
2.876 0.3 |
’06 ’06 |
2.7 3.97 |
’76 ’76 |
0.9 0.2 |
’08 ’08 |
0.4 2.2 |
||||
| National wealth | $ md. | ’80 | 43.6 | ’04 | 107.1 | md. marks | ’88 | 153 | 1896 | 164 | ||||||
| Savings-bank deposits (m.) |
Savings bank de- posits State’s bank de- posits $ md. national bank deposits |
’75 ’75 ’75 |
924 166 686 |
’06 ’06 ’06 |
3,300 2,741 4,056 |
other sav- ings banks postal sav- ings banks (m. yen) bank depo- sits |
’95 ’95 ’95 |
12.2 28.9 2,832 |
’06-7 ’06-7 ’05 |
106.6 81.9 20,304 |
md. marks banks deposits m. |
’75 ’83 |
1.8 810 m. |
’07 ’07 |
13.9 7,050 |
|
|
Life insurance fire ” |
$ md. deposits by fire insu- rance companies |
’80 ’90 |
1.6 158 $ md. |
’05 ’05 |
13.4 296 |
m. yen |
’92 ’92 |
17.5 12.6 |
’05 ’05 |
234.7 851.1 |
m. md. |
’95 ’75 |
5,846 58.6 |
’04 ’00 |
8,972 189 |
|
|
Per-capita consumption: {wheat {rye meat {spirits {beer {wine {crude sugar {tobacco {coffee {tea {cocoa {coal (and brown coal) {pig iron |
kg. litres |
’79-83 ’88-91 ’85-9 ’85-9 ’85-9 ’83-4 ’79 ’79 ’79 ’79 ’79 |
109.9 108.7 4.86 44.26 1.86 21.7 3.33 0.54 0.27 0.9 63.7 |
’02-06 ’04-6 ’00-05 ’00-05 ’00-04 ’06-7 ’06 ’06 ’06 ’06 ’06 |
136.1 142.0 5.4 68.5 1.85 33.9 4.49 0.49 0.6 3.6 321.8 |
kg. litres |
’78-82 ’88-9 ’88-9 ’88-9 ’83-4 ’79-83 ’79 ’80 ’70 ’70 ’79-83 |
61.4 128.0 8.1 96.9 6.12 7.7 1.2 2.46 0.019 0.042 0.184 66.0 |
’02-06 ’00-05 ’00-05 ’00-04 ’06-7 ’02-6 ’07 ’07 ’07 ’07 ’07 |
96.5 151.5 8.2 119.7 6.58 18.7 1.6 3.03 0.063 0.528 3.360 168.5 |
||||||
| Notes and additions: | 1) Koku=1.8 hectolitres=4.96 bushels | 1) An obvious misprint. Should be md. | ||||||||||||||
(Vol. II, p. 93)
State taxes have increased (marks per capita)
| Increase | ||||||
| In Great Britain 1875 to 1907-08 | ||||||
| direct | from | 7.6 | to | 26.6= | 250% | |
| indirect | ” | 31.9 | ” | 32.6= | 2% | |
| In France 1875 to 1907-08 | ||||||
| direct | from | 12.7 | to | 18.9= | 49% | |
| indirect | ” | 39.2 | ” | 47.2= | 20% | |
| In Prussia 1875 to 1908 | ||||||
| direct | from | 5.8 | to | 8.6= | 48% | |
| indirect | ” | 6.6 | ” | 20.4= | 209% | |
| In Germany 1881-82 to 1908 | ||||||
| direct | from | 6.3 | to | 10.4= | 65% | |
| indirect | ” | 1.4 | ” | 24.2= | 112% | |
Vol. II, p. 63
Expenditure on the army and navy in Germany:
| 1881-82 | 1891-92 | 1908 | |
| 408 mill. marks | 536 | 1,069 | |
| per capita | 9.0 marks | 10.8 | 16.9 |
[1] See the table inserted between p. 460 and 461.—Ed.
[2] For Austria 1900, for Hungary 1907.—Ed
[3] The first figure is for 1870, the second for 1880—Ed
| | |
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