Encyclopedia of Anti-Revisionism On-Line

Canadian Anti-Revisionism

The Second Wave of Anti-Revisionism, 1971-1981

The second wave of Canadian anti-revisionism was larger than the first and originated in Quebec where it spread to the rest of Canada. Like the first wave, it was rooted in support for Communist Party of China and its struggle against modern revisionism.

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Two events determined the development of the Quebec left in the early 1970s. The first was the October Crisis of 1970. The repression by the Canadian state and the defeat of the Front de Libération du Québec (FLQ) forced the left to re-evaluate its strategy. Many followed the lead of FLQ spokesperson, Pierre Vallières, who argued that activists should abandon the immediate struggle for socialism and instead work for independence from within the mainstream Parti Québécois (PQ). The struggle for socialism could begin after independence was achieved. This dispute split the progressive movement into those who supported the Vallières’ position and those who focused more on changing the basic economic structures of society.

The second was the Common Front strike of 1972 that saw 250,000 workers walk off their jobs to support the jailed leaders of the three main union federations. This was the largest mass labour action in Canada since the Winnipeg General Strike in 1919. The strike saw workers take over radio stations and at least two towns before it was over. This development created a “workerist” trend in the Quebec left exemplified by the formation of the comites d’action politique (CAPs) in Montreal. Other supporters of this trend included the Agence de presse libre du Quebec, Librairie progressiste, and the magazine Mobilisation. They supported the policy of entering factories and other workplaces to build a militant union movement. Another group that emerged during this period was the Mouvement révolutionnaire des étudiants du Québec (MREQ), which was active in Quebec universities and CEGEPS (community colleges) including the English language universities in Montreal. It published the bilingual newspaper The Partisan and operated a bookstore (Librairie Ho Chi Minh). It was the first group to put forward the necessity of rebuilding a communist party in Canada. Although more to the left than the workerists, it also supported the trend of sending activists into the workplace

In 1972, a former FLQ member, Charles Gagnon, along with other a few other activists, released the document Pour la partie prolétairian. This polemic attacked both the “independence first” strategy promoted by Pierre Vallières and the workerist strategy promoted by the CAPS. It argued that the immediate task of activists was to build an ideological and political alternative to capitalism in the form of a revolutionary party that would win the workers to socialism. This document would form the basis of the group, In Struggle!, one of the leading second wave anti-revisionist organizations.

Soon after the publication of Pour la partie prolétairian, members of the CAPS and allied organizations began to develop more openly Marxist-Leninist political positions and a number of small groups spun out of the disintegrating CAPS, such as the Cercle Communiste marxiste-leniniste, Groupe d’action socialiste, and Mobilisation (groupe communiste marxiste-léniniste).

In the autumn of 1975, two of these groups – the Cellue militante ouvriere and the Cellule ouvriere revolutionnaire – joined with the MREQ to form the Canadian Communist League (Marxist-Leninist) (CCL (M-L) (known hereafter as the League), the other leading group in the second wave of Canadian anti-revisionism.

In English Canada, those Marxist-Leninists who were not attracted to any of the pre-existing organizations such as CPC (M-L), CPL, or CLM worked in broad-based left groups and newspapers such as the East Coast Socialist Movement in Nova Scotia or the Western Voice newspaper in Vancouver. Others worked in workers support networks such as the Right to Strike Committee in Toronto. Still others were in isolated study groups. This changed with the launching of the publication Canadian Revolution in 1975. This magazine was published by members of the Toronto Communist Group, Workers Unity, and future members of the Bolshevik Union as an open form for Marxists-Leninists. It not only translated and published documents from the Quebec organizations but also provided a means for isolated groups in a geographically huge country such as Canada to make contact with one another.

However, it was In Struggle! and the League that were the most developed groups with organizational structures, a regular press and developed positions that would define the second wave of Canadian anti-revisionists.

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The second wave differed from their first wave predecessors in that the majority saw Canada as a developed capitalist country that had reached the stage of imperialism. Although U.S. imperialism did play an important part in the Canadian economy, these anti-revisionists argued that the Canadian capitalist class acted in its own interests and was not a puppet of the U.S. Further, this capitalist class was active in the exploitation of the Third World. For these groups and individuals, the struggle in Canada was a struggle for socialism – not for national independence.

The second issue that also separated this wave of anti-revisionists from the first was the issue of Quebec. Although the initiative for the second wave came from Quebec and they viewed Quebec as an oppressed nation, these anti-revisionists rejected the view that it was in a colonial relationship with Canada. Flowing from this, they also rejected the concept of separate organizations for Canada and Quebec and instead argued for building a single organization or party within the Canadian state. This was reflected in both In Struggle! and The Forge (newspaper of the CCL (M-L)) which carried identical articles in both their French and English editions.

At first, both In Struggle! and the League had a fairly harmonious relationship and even worked together on a number of campaigns, but relations deteriorated over a number of issues.

The first was how to unite the still dispersed Marxist-Leninist forces across Canada. In Struggle! argued that because the movement was still young and underdeveloped, it should be broadly defined so as to allow for debate and the delineation of political positions. In Struggle! proposed that four conferences be held to foster that debate. The first would be about Marxist-Leninist unity, the second on the nature of the Canadian state, the third on the international situation, and the fourth on the revolutionary program. It also offered to open the pages of its theoretical journal, Proletarian Unity, to smaller groups to publish their material.

The League on the other hand defined the movement much more narrowly and held that since In Struggle! and itself were the largest organizations, debate should be between these two organizations with smaller groups participating from floor. So, while In Struggle! was willing to allow the Red Star Collective – which held the Canada as neo-colony position – to participate in the conference process as a Marxist-Leninist group, the League did not consider it part of the movement. Although the League participated in the first conference, it announced that it was boycotting the subsequent ones.

The League’s position would prove more realistic as smaller groups began to dissolve into either of the two organizations. By the end of 1977, 90% of the small groups had ceased to exist. There were hold-outs such as Red Star Collective, and the Bolshevik Union (among others). The Bolshevik Union held that the process of small groups merging into the two larger groups (which it dubbed the “two superpowers”) was premature. Instead, they argued, these groups should remain independent and develop their political positions more. They also questioned the “pre-party organization,” a concept they said was imported from the U.S. On the other hand, the Red Star Collective (along with the Halifax Study Group) believed that objective conditions did not yet require the formation of a vanguard party. The League declared itself the Workers’ Communist Party (WCP) in 1979.

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Both In Struggle! and the League were real forces on the Quebec left. In Montreal, meetings organized by In Struggle! usually had an attendance of 1,500 or more, while the League/WCP could top 2,000 and at one point even reached 3,000 people. Both had 16-page weekly newspapers that were published in two languages and both also had bilingual theoretical journals. However, these groups, although they had branches in most major Canadian cities, never really grew in English Canada – although the League had a base in Toronto and In Struggle! in Vancouver.

The differences between the two organizations continued to deepen to the point in late 1977 that the League declared that In Struggle! had degenerated into revisionism. In Struggle!, for its part, said that the League had a sectarian attitude toward the Marxist-Leninist movement and was never really interested in struggling for unity.

The final dividing line between the two organizations would be the Chinese policies following Mao’s death; and the “Theory of Three Worlds.” In Struggle! always had a “left” interpretation of the Three Worlds Theory that separated the foreign policy of China from support for revolutionary movements around the world. The League maintained a more rigid interpretation, going so far as to call for greater Canadian participation in NATO to counter the threat of Soviet imperialism and the influence of US imperialism. After the death of Mao and the arrest of the “Gang of Four”, the League enthusiastically supported the new regime in Peking. In Struggle! was however more guarded about events in China until late 1978 when they denounced the Chinese Communist Party.

By the 1980s, both In Struggle! and the League began to enter a period of crisis. Documents relating to that crisis and the collapse of these two organizations can be found here. The crisis in the worldwide Marxist-Leninist movement also claimed the life of smaller groups. By the mid-1980s, these groups, such as the Red Star Collective and Bolshevik Union had also disappeared. In this way, the anti-revisionist trend in Canadian communism came to an end.

Index of organizations and topics in this section (by alphabetical order)
Alive magazine
Bolshevik Union
Canadian Communist League (M-L) – Workers’ Communist Party
Canadian Revolution
Conferences of Canadian Marxist-Leninists
Halifax Study Group
Marxist-Leninist Organization of Canada, In Struggle!
Mouvement Revolutionnaire des Etudiants du Quebec
Organization of Communist Workers (Marxist-Leninist)
Red Star Collective
Western Voice

Contents

Historical Works and General Background Materials

Canadian Maoists, Stalinists VS. The Anti-War Movement by Carl Fleming

The Autonomous Left in Quebec

Beginnings of a Socialist Movement in Montreal (Translation and adaptation of “Quelques aspects du Debut d’un Mouvement Socialiste a Montreal”)

Shifting lines in the Maoist camp. China: Twice-purged Teng returns by Spartacist Canada

“The Extra-Parliamentary Left,” Chapter IX of Henry Milner’s Politics in New Quebec (1978)

BU, CPC(M-L), CPL, IS!: Albania: Last hope for Stalinists without a country by Spartacist Canada

L’extrême gauche au Québec A February 1979 Radio-Canada half-hour video featuring In Struggle! and the Canadian Communist League (as well as a Trotskyist group) (French only).

Balance Sheet of the Quebec Far Left by François Moreau

Red Power and Socialist Study: 1967–1975 by Ray Bobb

The Rise and Fall of Quebec Maoism: 1970-1982 by Spartacist Canada

Le maoïsme québécois: héritier d’une sinophilie qui s’ignore by Serge Granger

Le virage vers la classe ouvrière: L’implantation et l’engagement des marxistes-léninistes québécois·es en milieu de travail by Guillaume Tremblay-Boily


The Marxist-Leninist Organization of Canada, In Struggle!

The origin of In Struggle! can be traced to the polemic For the Proletarian Party written in 1972 by ex-Front de Libération du Québec (FLQ) activist Charles Gagnon. This document attacked two popular positions within the Quebec left at that time. The first was put forward by his former FLQ comrade, Pierre Vallières, that activists should join the Parti Québécois to win independence first and then struggle for socialism later. The second was the strategy of activists entering the workplace and promoting militant trade-unionism. This tendency was represented by the Comités d’action politique active in Montreal. For the Proletarian Party argued that the main task was to build a revolutionary party and win the working class to socialism.

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In 1972, the newspaper, En Lutte! began publishing to advance the concepts laid out in For the Proletarian Party. The Équipe de journal (newspaper team) that published the newspaper maintained it as an independent journal until 1974 when its supporters consolidated into a Marxist-Leninist group with the publication of Create the Marxist-Leninist Organization of Struggle for the Party at its first congress. In response to its publication, five groups in Quebec dissolved to join In Struggle!

Create the Marxist-Leninist Organization of Struggle for the Party stated the necessity of forming a Canada-wide communist party. Accordingly, In Struggle! began publishing an English-language digest of its newspaper and in 1976 began to publish the newspaper in both French and English on a bi-weekly basis. Later in the year, it launched a bilingual theoretical journal, Proletarian Unity.

By autumn of 1976, the Toronto Communist Group merged with In Struggle! And in early 1977, groups in Halifax, Regina, and Vancouver would also join. It would also expand to other cities.

In Struggle! developed campaigns against the wage control act in the late 1970s and the struggle for democratic rights. However, it did not have a policy toward union work (although members were active in a number of unions). Most activity was geared to recruiting contacts into its readers’ circles to study the newspaper.

After the death of Mao and the arrest of the Gang of Four, In Struggle! maintained silence on the changes in China until 1977 when it came out against the Three-Worlds theory and generally supported the criticisms of it by the Party of Labour of Albania (PLA). In Struggle! would also denounce the Chinese leadership –however, it never supported the PLA’s attacks against Mao himself.

After the adoption of a programme at its third congress in 1978, In Struggle! renamed itself the Marxist-Leninist Organization of Canada, In Struggle! It also called for unification of the Marxist Leninist movement around a new communist international that would be based on a communist programme rather than the practice of following the line of “father parties” such as the Communist Party of China and the Party of Labor of Albania.

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Toward this end, In Struggle! launched the magazine International Forum in 1980 as an open forum for debate between anti-revisionist groups that were opposed to the developments in China. However, it had little success as political positions were rapidly hardening between those organizations that supported the PLA and those that still supported Mao. During this time In Struggle! became critical of nationalism which in its opinion, had infected the Marxist Leninist movement for too long.

During this time, the organization began to adopt a more open attitude toward working with movements and groups that they had previously dismissed as reformist and vowed to be less sectarian than in the past. It also decided to embark on a study of socialism.

However, by 1981, the organization began to fracture with some members questioning the validity of Marxism-Leninism. Others in the organization – such as women, gays and lesbians, and workers – began to criticize a structure dominated by male intellectuals and professionals. Soon the paper became a free for all with different factions debating back and forth. This continued until In Struggle!’s fourth congress in May, 1982 when it voted to dissolve itself. Some factions tried to continue afterwards, but they disappeared soon after. Documents relating to the final crisis and collapse of In Struggle! can be found here.

Background Materials

FLQ’s final phase (part 1) by the Canadian Party of Labour

FLQ’s final phase (part 2) by the Canadian Party of Labour

The Canadian Marxist-Leninist Group IN STRUGGLE!. A brief presentation of its history and political line

Charles Gagnon, 1939-2005

The Political Journey of Charles Gagnon

«LE MONDE VA CHANGER DE BASE»: L'HORIZON INTERNATIONAL DU GROUPE MARXISTE-LÉNINISTE EN LUTTE! (1972-1982) by David St-Denis Lisee

Polemics against In Struggle!

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NO to in Struggle’s Compromising with Revisionism by the Canadian Communist League (Marxist-Leninist)

In Struggle changes its line on the principal contradiction by the Bolshevik Union

Critique of In Struggle!’s “The Path of the Canadian Revolution” by the Red Star Collective

Unmask In Struggle! Denounce Gagnonism! by the Bolshevik Union

Critique Of In Struggle’s Declaration Of September 6, 1977 “Against Right Opportunism In International Questions” by the Red Star Collective

How Not to Defend Quebec: The Example of ’In Struggle’ by the Revolutionary Workers League

’In Struggle’ – latest addition to the revisionist family in Canada by the Canadian Communist League (Marxist-Leninist)

Down with the non-aligned “Marxist-Leninist” movement by the Communist Party of Canada (Marxist-Leninist)

The “MLOC” In Struggle!: Reformist to the core by Spartacist Canada

Cops are tops with In Struggle by the Canadian Party of Labour

In Struggle! Primary Documents

On Party Building

For the Proletarian Party

On the necessity for criticism and self-criticism

Create the Marxist-Leninist Organization of Struggle for the Party

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The Tasks of Canadian Marxist-Leninists Today

Against Economism

Learn from International Women’s Day

Fight the Sectarianism of the CCL (ML)

Does Canadian Communist League (Marxist-Leninist) want the unity of (Marxist-Leninist) communists, or their division?

The Rallying of Mobilisation to the CCL(ML) Brings Out a Basic Question

Available soon: PROLETARIAN UNITY, a theoretical journal from IN STRUGGLE!

Towards the Unification of the Canadian Marxist-Leninist Movement

A Rectification in Our Reply to The Forge

A Step Forward in the Struggle for the Unity of Canadian Marxist-Leninists

IN STRUGGLE Calls for the Unity of Action of Canadian Marxist-Leninists for the October 14 General Strike

What Happened in Regards to the Common Declaration on Oct 14th?

The Revolutionary Line of the Canadian Proletariat Triumphed

Four groups rally to In Struggle!

For the Unity of the Canadian Proletariat. Brief notes on the present conjuncture, April 1977

When the struggle against opportunism serves to justify opportunism

100% opportunism, an argument to justify opportunism

Deepening the criticism of the Bolshevik Union in the masses is to arm the workers to combat opportunism

The struggle for a revolutionary program!

Three Marxist-Leninist groups rally to IN STRUGGLE!

No to the Bolshevik Union’s splitting and wrecking practices!

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Unmask the imposters! Denounce the Bolshevik Union!

The League’s exclusion IN STRUGGLE! from the Marxist-Leninist movement: A final gesture paving the way for the creation of a fourth phoney party!

Build the weekly communist newspaper of the Canadian proletariat

IN STRUGGLE’s fourth anniversary, a celebration across Canada

DRAFT PROGRAM for the Canadian Proletarian Party

In Struggle’s Rules of Order

What kind of program does the Canadian proletariat need?

No Revolutionary Party Without a Revolutionary Program

IN STRUGGLE’s Communist Education Circles: Taking up party-building in a conscious way

The Vancouver Red Collective rallies to IN STRUGGLE!

What immediate demands should the program of the proletariat contain?

The League’s second congress: A leap into the arms of the bourgeoisie

Oppose sabotage against progressive groups and IN STRUGGLE!

National Conference on the Draft Program

The CPC(ML): A Revisionist Organization of Agent-Provocateurs

In Montreal, 1,900 people sing “One weapon that we need is the workers’ unity”

Bolshevik Union and the opportunist Hardial Bains have a lot in common by the Regroupement des ex-militants du PCC(m-l)

The CCL(M-L), The Voice of Social-Chauvinism in Canada

Long Live the Marxist-Leninist Organization of Canada IN STRUGGLE!

Our immediate goal: the creation of the party of the proletariat of Canada

Basis for a new party...with nothing new about it

Group of ex-CPC(M-L) members rallies to IN STRUGGLE!

The Third Congress of the Marxist-Leninist Organization of Canada IN STRUGGLE!

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When unmasked, the League has no choice but to turn to police methods

A fourth counterfeit communist party [on the WCP]

The CPL accuses IN STRUGGLE! of chauvinism

IN STRUGGLE! organizes cadre conference

Conference of IN STRUGGLE!’s leading cadre

The Workers Communist Party unveils its constitution

A turning point on the development of the revolutionary struggle

IN STRUGGLE! Central Committee decisions: A critical issue: winning over workers

IN STRUGGLE! Central Committee decisions: Our work in unions

IN STRUGGLE! Central Committee decisions: The women’s movement

Inside IN STRUGGLE!: what political life is like

Come celebrate seven years of struggle

“We work to build a party, a party which knows where it is going, a party which will be closely linked to the masses”

The Canadian left: It’s time for a real debate

IN STRUGGLE!’s work on the question of women

A research collective on women

The newspaper IN STRUGGLE!: important steps forward but...

In Struggle! Educational Pamphlet Series, 1975-1976 (as revised and republished in 1977)

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Social Democracy

Revisionism

The Leninist Proletarian Party

On Trade Unions

Anti-Communism

Marxism-Leninism, the Revolutionary Science of the Proletariat

The International Proletarian Associations

Capitalism and its Crises

The National Question

On Canada

A Manifestation of Dogmatism: Underestimating the Importance of American Imperialism in the Analysis of Canadian Reality

Subordinate the Struggle for National Independence to the Struggle for Socialist Revolution

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Editorial: October 14th in the Context of the Current Political Crisis

What’s the path of revolution in our country?

On the evaluation of the Alcan strike in Kitimat (BC): Work for the Unity of the Proletariat!

The CCL(M-L)’s intervention in mass organizations swings from left opportunism to right opportunism

The rectification of The Forge on the question of the army: A superficial self-criticism that covers fundamental errors!

Determining the path of the revolution is not a question of a formula!

The national question in Canada can only be solved through the proletarian revolution

When bourgeois nationalism replaces a class viewpoint. Bolshevik Union and the question of the native people

The role of communists in the struggle against Bill C-73

An old debate in the Canadian communist movement: The imperialist character of our country

In Struggle’s article on “The path of the Canadian revolution”: A ’change in formulation’ which is nothing but an opportunist manoeuver by the Canadian Communist League (Marxist-Leninist)

The Historical Mission of the Canadian Proletariat is to Overthrow the Bourgeoisie and to Accomplish the Socialist Revolution

The goals and work of Canadian Communists in trade unions today

The Native peoples and the right to self-determination

Who is manipulating the unions?

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The work of communist fractions in unions by Charles Gagnon

Revisionism, another form of anti-communism

IN STRUGGLE!’s New Brunswick tour on the national question

IN STRUGGLE! counter attacks vigorously in Cape Breton

Dump McDurmott! Dump the bourgeois policy in trade unions!

McDermott declares war on unions’ ultra left by Wilfred List

IN STRUGGLE! replies to McDermott’s attacks

How far is McDermott ready to go?

Our plan of action on the constitution

Assessment of the Waffle (1): The NDP can’t be changed

Assessment of the Waffle (2): Failure of the marriage: independence and socialism

WCP work in unions: How NOT to fight class collaboration

On the Quebec National Question

Editorial: An Open Letter To Canadian Workers Of Both Nations

The Question of Quebec – Our Position

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Support the Absolute Equality of Languages and Nations!

IN STRUGGLE’s Canadian tour on Quebec national question

Unreserved nationalism – The League’s “reserve nation”

Collect signatures for the Declaration [for the absolute equality of languages and nations in Canada]

The CPL has never broken with revisionism

The referendum in Quebec (1): Should workers leave the Quebec national question for capitalists to resolve?

The referendum in Quebec (2): The chauvinism of the self-styled “left”

The referendum in Quebec (3): Sovereignty-association: Just another song of “unrequited love”

The referendum in Quebec (4): “Independence and socialism”: nationalists favorite bait for workers

Equality of Languages and Nations – WCP style

Statement by the MLOC IN STRUGGLE! on the Quebec referendum: Quebec must have a real choice in its political future

The Quebec National Movement in the 1960s

Quebec referendum and the Native peoples’ right to self-determination debated

Fighting national oppression: The ball is in the workers’ court

The declaration campaign is over

The ’spoil-your-ballot’ call widely heard

Unity of action: how to build it and how not to

Support for Quebec’s right to self-determination is very much alive in English Canada

Socialisme et indépendance: a contribution to the debate on history of fight for socialism

International Issues

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Message From Canadian Marxist-Leninist Group “In Struggle” [on the death of Mao] [Peking Review, #45, 1976]

China’s foreign policy: A policy that supports the revolutionary struggles of the peoples!

The CAPT conference on the Third World: To maintain a class viewpoint on all questions

On the theory of three worlds: Differences to solve on the basis of Marxism-Leninism

Against Right Opportunism on International Questions [On the “Three Worlds” Theory]

The “Three Worlds Theory” must be opposed: No compromises with imperialism

On China

China on Mobutu: a revolutionary position?

The Chinese leaders descend onto the path blazed by Tito and Khrushchev

Second anniversary of Mao’s death: Step up the fight against the new revisionist impostors!

IPANA takes path of opportunism

The CCL(ML) accuses Albanian leaders

For a principled struggle against modern revisionism

It is up to the people of Kampuchea alone to choose that country’s political regime

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Who’s attacking the Iranian people?

The leaders of the Communist Party of China are taking China down the capitalist road

China in Vietnam – An act of aggression to match its return to capitalism

Who are the true friends of the Palestinian revolution?

IN STRUGGLE! wholeheartedly supports the Palestinian revolution

Nicaragua: a revolution to be continued

Behind the “Islamic revolution” lies the counter revolution

BU “Alone at last!”

Declaration of the Secretary-General of the MLOC IN STRUGGLE!: For a real debate on the Palestinian resistance and the PLO

The Forge ponders its China puzzle

Why are Chinese leaders downgrading Mao?

El Salvador tour: Excellent Response: many give concrete support

The Communist Party of Cuba’s 2nd congress: Is Cuba still revolutionary?

Breathing new life into the struggle for socialism

On International Marxist-Leninist Unity

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For the Political and Organizational Unity of the International Communist Movement: Appeal from the 3rd Congress of IN STRUGGLE! to the Communists (M-L) of the World

CPC(M-L)’s International Conference: Doing everything to be recognized by other parties

The CPC(M-L)’s Revolutionary Rally: Confusion can never lead to unity

An important contribution in the struggle against revisionism

On the question of Mao Zedong

The need for an international communist organization

Communist Party of China slowly strangled by factionalism

Reply to an American worker

Communist parties of Austria and Turkey: Questioning the notion of “superpowers”

For the political and organizational unity of the international communist movement

Our newspaper and the unity of communists

At the international anti-imperialist youth camp: Sectarianism is an obstacle in the struggle against revisionism

To unite the international communist movement

Chilean RCP publishes Appeal in Spanish for International Communist Movement

The unity of the international Marxist-Leninist movement: A political question for today

The stakes in the Mao – Stalin debate

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A new publication International Forum

What road leads to unity in the world communist movement?

An openness to debate and polemics in the international communist movement

The international unity of the proletariat: What it is and how to fight for it by the Revolutionary Communist Party [USA]

How to unite communists: The RCP-USA sidesteps the key issue

An international conference: A way of broadening the criticism of revisionism

Four organizations call for international conference of Marxist-Leninists

On Enver Hoxha’s book, Eurocommunism is anti-communism. There are questions that still need to be answered by Charles Gagnon

International Forum: true forum for international debate

In Struggle!’s activities on the international scene [three-part series]

The unity of the international communist movement also involves many forces that we had overlooked

Responses to the conference proposal

“Documents for the Criticism of Revisionism”

To deepen our understanding of the struggle for socialism

Introduction to the “Documents for the criticism of revisionism” articles

For a materialist understanding of history by Charles Gagnon

Letter: A one-sided method in the study of revisionism

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The working class seeks to win its political independence

The working class storms the bourgeois parliament

The working class seizes State power

What had become of the socialist camp by 1960? by Charles Gagnon

Analysis of the period 1800-1921

Analysis of the period 1800-1921 (part 2)

Criticism of In Struggle’s documents on revisionism: Socialism is a real alternative by Roger Rashi

Feedback and participation prove importance of revisionism debate by Charles Gagnon

Productive Forces

Anti-imperialist struggles up to the Second World War

Rashi’s two “principles” (part 1) by Charles Gagnon

Rashi’s two “principles” (part 2) by Charles Gagnon

The imperialist countries between the world wars and the fight against fascism

The peasantry and the Soviet State (1917-1932): From class alliance to split

The Soviet Union between the world wars

Towards a scientific analysis of the evolution of the class struggle of the proletariat by Charles Gagnon

Our goal remains the same by Charles Gagnon

To achieve this goal, what methods do we need? by Charles Gagnon

Documents for Kautskyite Revisionism by Spartacist Canada

Between two world wars: No revolution in the imperialist countries – some reasons why

The Second World War: 1939-1945

Readers ask: was the U.S.S.R. ever really socialist?

The Cold War

The Chinese revolution: Part one: 1949 to the Cultural Revolution

For a scientific vision of the world: Determinism or free will? by Charles Gagnon

The People’s Democracies in Eastern Europe (some countries efforts to build socialism)

Other Materials

Despite its Marxist appearance: There is nothing revolutionary about radical feminism!

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Police mount vast campaign of intimidation and provocation: What are the facts?

Necessity wins out over illegality

More than 30 organizations in Quebec denounce the Katevale police operation

Does IN STRUGGLE! support the rights of gay people?

Communists and the family: End the yoke of private ownership

The RCMP looks for informers

How can the socialist movement and the gay movement work together? by Tim McCaskell

IN STRUGGLE! and homosexuality

Francois Seguin is a police informer

Francois Seguin, or the tactics of an informer

What happened in 1975-76: why progressive cultural groups joined IN STRUGGLE!

Chants Revolutionnaires du Canada et du Monde [first In Struggle! album]

Ni la Feuille d’Érable ni le Fleurdelisé – Neither the Maple Leaf nor the Fleurdelisé [second In Struggle! album]

Periodicals

En Lutte! English Digest, Vol. 1, No. 3, March 1976

Proletarian Unity

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In Struggle!’s “Conferences of Canadian Marxist-Leninists”

The Conferences of Canadian Marxist-Leninists were four national meetings organized by In Struggle!. These conferences developed out of In Struggle!’s position that because the Canadian ML movement was underdeveloped; it was necessary to give the widest expression to all viewpoints on critical issues. IS! planned four national conferences that would also be supplemented with regional conferences.

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The first national conference was held on September, 1976, on the “unity of communists”. Over 1200 people participated with 14 groups giving presentations. The Canadian Communist League (M-L) participated in the conference but denounced it as an opportunist exercise that dodged issues of political line. The CCL (ML) also held that some other participating groups – such as the Bolshevik Union – were counter revolutionary and did not belong at the conference. The CCL (ML) subsequently announced that it would be boycotting future IS! national conferences. A regional conference on the issue of communist unity was also held in Toronto, Ontario.

Despite the League’s boycott, IS! organized a second conference in April, 1977 on the “path of the Canadian Revolution”. The conference included eight groups with over 1500 people attending. The reduced number of participating organizations was due to the fact that a number of the groups that had attended the first conference subsequently joined either IS! or the CCL(ML).

The third conference on the “international situation” was held in September, 1977. Debate at this conference centred on the “Theory of Three Worlds” that had been recently criticized by the Party of Labour of Albania. This time, over 1,000 people attended with five groups giving presentations (along with anti-imperialist groups from Africa, Haiti, Iran, Philippines as well as the Third World Peoples Anti-Imperialist Committee). A regional conference on the international situation was also held in Vancouver, British Columbia.

The fourth conference on the “tasks of communists” was held in February, 1978. While 1200 people attended, it was a much diminished event inasmuch as the majority of smaller ML groups had already joined either the CCL (ML) or IS!, At the conference itself, only IS! made a presentation. The prior debates between IS! and the Red Star Collective had become antagonistic to the point that the RSC had announced that it was boycotting the fourth conference. The Bolshevik Union, on the other hand, was no longer considered by IS! to be part of the movement – and BU members were ejected from the conference by mid-morning.

Background Materials and Polemics

Towards the Unification of the Canadian Marxist-Leninist Movement by In Struggle!

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Boycott In Struggle’s ’unity’ conference by the Canadian Communist League (Marxist-Leninist)

Prepare for the Second Marxist-Leninist Conference on the Path of the Revolution by In Struggle!

Why we won’t participate in In Struggle’s unity conference by the Vancouver Socialist Group

A Polemic Based on the Distortion of Our Line! by In Struggle!

Who Will Attend In Struggle’s Unity Conference by the Canadian Communist League (Marxist-Leninist)

Why we support the boycott of In Struggle’s unity conference by the Regina Marxist-Leninist Collective

An Odd Last Minute Invitation From the CCL (M-L) by In Struggle!

Some Questions to Ask the League by the October Study Group

The O.C.W.(M-L) will not participate at the Second Conference of Canadian Marxist-Leninists by In Struggle!

Matchmakers of Opportunism: Against En Lutte’s Unity Plan by the Organization of Communist Workers (Marxist-Leninist)

In Struggle’s 3rd conference clear evidence of opportunist betrayal by the Canadian Communist League (Marxist-Leninist)

Red Star Collective replies by In Struggle!

In Struggle confronted by Trotskyism by Spartacist Canada

In Struggle on the road to nowhere by Spartacist Canada

Reports on Regional Conferences

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Regional Conference on the Unity of Canadian Marxist-Leninists in Quebec City

A Step Forward: The Vancouver Regional Conference on the Path of the Revolution

At the Regional Conferences on the International Situation: “Revolution And Imperialism are Irreconciliable”

A Second Error Doesn’t Correct the First One

National Conferences – Background Materials

The Conference of Canadian Marxist-Leninists on October 9

Prepare for the Second Marxist-Leninist Conference on the Path of the Revolution

Discussion Guide for the Second Conference of Marxist-Leninists

How is the 2nd National Conference of Canadian Marxist-Leninists Going to Proceed?

Learn From the Second Conference of Canadian Marxist-Leninists!

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Participate In The Third Conference Of Canadian Marxist-Leninists On The International Situation!

Attention! The Third Conference of Marxist-Leninists postponed

The third conference of Canadian Marxist-Leninists on the international situation: A Fundamental Debate

Following the Third Conference of Canadian Marxist-Leninists on the international situation: Deepen The Struggle Against Opportunism!

Who will attend the Fourth Conference?

Fourth Conference Discussion Guide

“The working class has been without a party for too long, we’re going to build one and it’s going to be ours”

National Conferences – Proceedings

Documents of the National Conference on the Unity of Canadian Marxist-Leninists

Documents of the 2nd Conference of Canadian Marxist-Leninists on the Path of Revolution in Canada

Documents of the 3rd Conference of Canadian Marxist-Leninists on the International Situation

Documents of the 4th Conference of Canadian Marxist-Leninists on the Tasks Involved in Rebuilding the Canadian Proletarian Party

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The Canadian Communist League (Marxist-Leninist)/Workers’ Communist Party

The Canadian Communist League (Marxist-Leninist) – and later the Workers’ Communist Party (Marxist-Leninist) – was the largest of all the anti-revisionist organizations with a membership of over 1,000 at its height. The League was formed through the merger of three Montreal-area groups in the autumn of 1975. The largest group was the Mouvement révolutionnaire des étudiants du Québec which had been active at university campuses and CEGEPS (community colleges) after its split from the Parti communiste du Québec (marxiste léniniste) in 1971. The two other groups were the Cellue militante ouvriere and the Cellule ouvriere revolutionnaire. These groups came out of the comites d’action politique (CAPs) that were active in the working class neighbourhoods and workplaces in the Montreal area.

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The League also held that Canada was part of the imperialist camp. It also supported the position that while Quebec was an oppressed nation, the goal should be to build a Canada-wide party. It published a bi-weekly paper in both French and English named The Forge which later became weekly. It also published a theoretical journal named October.

The League held that the groups that came out of the CAPS such as Cercle Communiste marxiste-leniniste, Groupe d’action socialiste, and Mobilisation (groupe communiste marxiste-léniniste) were right-opportunist and the members could only develop as communists under the leadership of the League. This strategy proved to be remarkably successful as these groups agreed and dissolved themselves into the League. The recruitment of most of the groups from the early-1970s workerist trend made the League the largest group in Quebec. When Workers Unity, a Marxist-Leninist collective in Toronto, joined the League and it started expanding across Canada – although the majority of its membership would remain based in Quebec.

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The League was very active in union movement – especially the Confederation of National Trade Unions in Quebec where it could mobilize up to 300 delegates (out of over 1,000) at CNTU conventions. In other parts of Canada, the League was active in the Canadian Auto Workers and the Canadian Union of Public Employees. During this period, the League was its largest with public meetings in Montreal with over 3,000 people attending. Their contingents in demonstrations in that city could number over 2,000 people.

In the spring of 1979, the Canadian Communist League renamed itself the Workers’ Communist Party (WCP). The WCP, like its predecessor, supported the new regime in China after Mao’s death and was a strident supporter of the Three-Worlds Theory. China reciprocated by officially recognizing the WCP and the leadership of the party met with Hua Guofeng and toured Pol Pot’s Democratic Kampuchea just prior to the Vietnamese invasion. During this period, the WCP also developed close ties with like-minded parties such as the Communist Party (Marxist-Leninist) in the U.S. and the Workers’ Communist Party of Norway.

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By late 1982, the WCP entered a period of crisis. Many began to question the direction that China was taking. Members also discovered that the majority composition of the Political Bureau was English speaking while the vast majority of the membership was French speaking. More controversy came to the fore as members complained about the rigid internal structure that was overseen by a security group that acted as an internal police. In the last issue of The Forge, the disintegrating WCP officially apologized to a couple who had been held prisoner by this group in their apartment for 14 hours while it searched for internal documents. Although some members wanted to form a broader based organization, the majority voted to dissolve the party. Documents relating to the crisis and collapse of the WCP can be found here.

The most prominent former member of the WCP is Gilles Duceppe who was the leader of the pro-independence Bloc Québécois which holds a number of seats in the Canadian Parliament. He resigned the position after the 2011 election.

Historical Studies

Le discours de la Ligue communiste (marxiste-léniniste) du Canada (1975-1983) by Charles-Antoine Bachand

L’histoire du PCO & de la Ligue Marxiste-Léniniste by Roger Rashi

Feminisme et marxisme : un dilemme pour la Ligue communiste canadienne by Pierrette Bouchard

Primary Documents

General Polemics Against the CCL (M-L)/WCP (M-L) by Other Groups

Fight the Sectarianism of the CCL (ML) by In Struggle!

Does Canadian Communist League (Marxist-Leninist) want the unity of (Marxist-Leninist) communists, or their division? by In Struggle!

The Rallying of Mobilisation to the CCL(ML) Brings Out a Basic Question by In Struggle!

A Rectification in Our Reply to The Forge by In Struggle!

When the struggle against opportunism serves to justify opportunism In Struggle!

100% opportunism, an argument to justify opportunism In Struggle!

“CCL(ML)” The Canadian Counter-Revolutionary League (Social-Fascist) by the Bolshevik Union

The CCL(M-L), The Voice of Social-Chuavinism in Canada by In Struggle!

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Founding Documents – CCL (M-L)

The Struggle for the Creation of the Canadian Communist League (Marxist-Leninist) – a big step towards the Unity of Marxist-Leninists and the Creation of the Party

Announcing the Creation of the Canadian Communist League (Marxist-Leninist)

Statement of political agreement for the creation of the CANADIAN COMMUNIST LEAGUE (MARXIST-LENINIST)

On Party Building – CCL (M-L)

Organize March 8 on a revolutionary basis

International Women’s Day and the unity of Marxist-Leninists

Mobilisation must choose: Climb out of the opportunist swamp or drown

The League in the Regroupment for March 22

The struggle against right-opportunism is essential for building the party

Self criticism of the group Mobilisation: A profound criticism of right-opportunism and economism

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Workers’ Unity (Toronto) rallies to the Canadian Communist League (ML)

When the struggle against opportunism serves to justify opportunism by two former members of Cercle Communiste (M-L)

The CCL (ML) Response to the Political Documents of Western Voice

100% opportunism, an argument to justify opportunism by two former members of Cercle Communiste (M-L)

No easy short-cuts to unity

Fight the Sectarianism of the CCL (ML) by In Struggle!

CCL(ML) holds First Congress

No compromise with opportunism

Response to May 1st

On the question of Canadian Revolution

For the unity of Marxist-Leninists

Fight Right Opportunism

Mobilisation is not a Marxist-Leninist group

Combat right opportunism masked by intellectualism

New Victories in the Battle against Opportunism

NO to in Struggle’s Compromising with Revisionism

Boycott In Struggle’s ’unity’ conference

Editorial: In Struggle Completely Liquidates Self-Criticism on Political Line!

The Groupe Abitibi-Temiscamingue (ML) Rallies to the League

More than ever, we must demarcate in order to unite

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The End of the “Family of Five” in Quebec

Opportunism Around Unity Again

League Holds Unity Conference in Vancouver

In Struggle Embarks on Another Dead-End Path

Bolshevik Union: A Counter-Revolutionary Sect

A Great Ally of Reformists and the Best Defender of Economism

May First Collective, An Opportunist Group

In Struggle slipping ever faster into right opportunism

Communist Work Developing in Acadia

Self-criticism of Regina Marxist-Leninist Collective on its participation in Saskatchewan Waffle

Regina Marxist-Leninist Collective rallies to the League

In Struggle now turns to direct attacks on socialist China

In Struggle has sunk completely into revisionism!

League publishes study handbook of Marxism-Leninism-Mao Tsetung Thought

The League’s exclusion IN STRUGGLE! from the Marxist-Leninist movement: A final gesture paving the way for the creation of a fourth phoney party! by In Struggle!

Black Study Group rallies to the League

October 14 League meeting in Toronto a success!

In Struggle panics and puts on a new mask

Letter from former IS sympathizers: To the honest militants of IS

In Struggle’s draft program: A program to create a revisionist party

Communique of the Central Committee on the second congress of the CCL(ML)

’In Struggle’ – latest addition to the revisionist family in Canada

League Central Committee Delegation Returns from China and Kampuchea

League holds cadre school

Halifax Study Group’s brochure: an apology for right opportunism

League publishes draft program for the new communist party

Draft Program for a New Communist Party

Basis for a new party...with nothing new about it by In Struggle!

On Party Building – WCP (M-L)

Founding Congress of the Workers Communist Party

Political Report Adopted at the Founding Congress of the Workers Communist Party (Marxist-Leninist)

Four years of communist work laid basis for party

Resolution on the unity of the international Marxist-Leninist movement

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Workers, join your party!

A fourth counterfeit communist party by In Struggle!

Alive magazine editorials on the formation of the Workers Communist Party (Marxist-Leninist)

“Our party is growing in the hearts of the workers’ struggles”

Why a Vanguard Party?

Build Class-Struggle Unions

The Workers Communist Party unveils its constitution by In Struggle!

First anniversary of the WCP

WCP holds first cadre school

Report on the Party’s Work in a Big Plant

Criticism of In Struggle’s documents on revisionism: Socialism is a real alternative by Roger Rashi

The industrial proletariat: A decisive force in the revolutionary struggle

CPC ’opens doors’ for the ruling class

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The relationship between the party and the unions: The communist viewpoint

Which way forward for Canadian socialists

WCP holds conference on woman question

Making a workers’ paper better

Discussion on the family within the WCP

WCP sets out to improve propaganda work

The CPC’s chauvinist view of the women’s movement

Debates underway as WCP prepares Second Congress

Does In Struggle’s demise reflect on the validity of Marxism

Sexist language in The Forge: You’re right!

Recognizing the WCP’s errors with intellectuals

Taking a look at The Forge

On Canada

Repression of the masses, capitulation on defence

Defence of sea rights: We can’t depend on the bourgeoisie

The League’s work among students

CCL(M-L): Running dogs of the bourgeois army by Spartacist Canada

Editorial: 1,200,000 Workers Out Against Wage Controls

“C”PC’s parliamentary illusions will never defeat capitalism

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In Struggle’s article on “The path of the Canadian revolution”: A ’change in formulation’ which is nothing but an opportunist manoeuver

Who Owns Canada? by Richard Desrosiers and Julian Sher (October, Autumn 1980)

SOS Daycare Congress Adopts CCL(ML)’s Program

In Struggle on Unions: Opportunist Through and Through

Revisionist chiefs leading fishermen’s struggle to a dead end

Build a United Fightback of the Working Class

Newfoundland seal hunters get enthusiastic send-off in St John’s

The fight against superpower war preparations, part of the struggle for socialism in Canada

League May Day rallies stress fightback and unity

Workers celebrate May Day in 17 cities with the League

Why a communist candidate in the by-elections?

Which road in fight for Acadian rights?

WCP militants active in key labour struggle

The national question in Canada: Over eight million Canadians resist national oppression

Book Review: Life and Death of the Canadian Seamen’s Union

Vote for a working-class alternative February 18! Statement of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the WCP(ML)

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5,300 votes across the country: First WCP federal election campaign a success

’Multiculturalism’ pits immigrants against nationalities

NO to the Trudeau Constitution! YES to democratic and national rights!

What’s behind the CPC’s ’militant’ front?

Regional autonomy: Step towards equality of nationalities

Building the anti-racism movement in BC

Regional autonomy key to Native equality

Constitution a fraud

Progressives from four Atlantic provinces hold socialist conference

Facts are stubborn things

On the Quebec National Question

For the unity of the proletariat of the two nations

No to separation, yes to self-determination and socialism

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The significance of the Parti Quebecois election

The League’s position on the national question: Unity of the Canadian proletariat for the socialist revolution, right to self-determination for the Quebec nation

In Struggle’s tour: building itself up as a bourgeois party

Independence and socialism: “left” cover for narrow nationalism in Quebec

Document from CCL(ML)’s second congress: Resolution on the Quebec national question

Unreserved nationalism – The League’s “reserve nation” by In Struggle!

Return of FLQ terrorists rekindles many old questions

In Struggle petition on the national question: Empty phrases to mask their chauvinism

Book Review: Le Quebec, La question nationale

Spoil your referendum ballot

Roland Lepage’s La complainte des hivers rouges: A play that distorts the Patriote’s history

’Independence and Socialism’: a dead-end for the Quebec working class. An analysis of the positions of the Centre de formation populaire

Equality of Languages and Nations – WCP style by In Struggle!

CP tosses aside Quebec’s rights

What was behind the ’NO’ victory

Symposium on “The left after the referendum” urges return to spontaneous struggle

WCP campaign off to a good start across the province

WCP candidates get 5,000 votes

International Issues
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Editorial: Safeguard the independence of Canada

En Lutte and the International Situation

Joint Communique Issued by the October League and the Canadian Communist League

Joint Communique of the CCL (ML) and the AKP (ML) of Norway

CCL (ML) receives message from Communist Party of Kampuchea

Azania Shall Be Free

’Internationalist conference’ in Montreal: A counter-revolutionary masquerade organized by the ’CPC (ML)’ fascists

CCL (M-L): Out of step with China over Near East by Spartacist Canada

The theory of the differentiation of the three worlds: A strategic guide to advance the world revolution to victory

Throwing off their masks: ’CPCML’ and In Struggle attack Mao Tsetung

Concerning the differences between Albania and China

The Soviet bear sets its claws on Africa and on Asia with ambitions of dominating the world

A tissue of lies and slanders

What Trotskyists did yesterday, In Struggle is doing today

In Struggle attacks Marxism-Leninism

Kampuchean People Resist Vietnamese Invasion

Editorial: it is our duty to support the Kampuchean people by Roger Rashi

Kampuchea Wages people’s War. League Delegation meets Fighters of Revolutionary Army

Invasion of Kampuchea part of Soviet drive for world domination

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First Canadian visitors back with true picture of Kampuchea

Canadian M-L delegation visits Kampuchea

Kampuchea Will Win! An eyewitness account by the last foreign delegation to visit Kampuchea (Cambodia) before the Vietnamese-Soviet Invasion

On the question of Coke in China

Enver Hoxha sinks to new depths in attack on Mao Zedong Thought

One-month campaign reached 16 cities: Continue education and support for Kampuchean resistance

A blow against Moscow-Hanoi aggressive aims

Why Vietnam and the USSR invaded Democratic Kampuchea

Canadian Arab Friendship Association denounces In Struggle

Why we support the struggles of the third world

What is the new democratic revolution?

CPC pretends Poland is ’democratic’

China today: The Forge answers readers’ questions

Other Materials

Capitalism encourages it, socialism fights it!

Against Feminism. Link the struggle for our rights to the struggle for socialism!

Fascist Bains gang tries to buy off worker

In Struggle Comes to the Rescue of Trotskyists

Who is really “conciliating the bourgeoisie”? CCL(M-L) in anti-Trotskyist frenzy by Spartacist Canada

Forgeons Notre Parti! – Forge Our Party!

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Mouvement Revolutionnaire des Etudiants du Quebec

The Mouvement Revolutionnaire des Etudiants du Quebec (MREQ) was created from a split with the Parti Communiste du Quebec (Marxiste-Leniniste) in early 1972. The split saw a substantial loss of members and PCQ (M-L)’s flagship bookstore on Rue Amhearst (which later became Librarie Progressiste) with the formation of three organizations: the short-lived Mouvement Revolutionnaire Ouvriere, which published the newspaper Quebec Rouge until it dissolved into CAPs (Political Action Committees); the Afro-Asian Latin American Solidarity Committee, which was mostly active in Montreal’s English-language universities; and the MREQ.

The MREQ was active in the French-language universities and published the newspaper Le Partisan. Later, a group of students at McGill University joined and its paper was published in both French and English eight times during the school year. The MREQ set three tasks in its founding document, Contre L’ecole Capitalist: the struggle against the capitalist school, support for workers’ struggles, and support for anti-imperialist struggles. It also ran Libraire Ho Chi Minh. While its activities were centred in the student milieu, it also supported the concept of “implantation” (sending students into factories) as a means to proletarianize young middle-class revolutionaries. The MREQ was also active in the broad-based Comite de Solidarite avec les Luttes Ouvrieres. The MREQ held that the principal contradiction in Canada was between the proletariat and the Canadian bourgeoisie, in opposition to many groups in Quebec during this period that saw US imperialism as the main enemy. Although it always held to building a new Marxist-Leninist party, this position wasn’t explicitly stated until the publication of Towards the Marxist-Leninist Organization in 1974. In late 1975, the MREQ united with the Cellule Militante Ouvriere and the Cellule Ouvriere Revolutionnaire to form the Canadian Communist League (M-L).

Polemics

Against Splits and Liquidation by the Communist Party of Canada (Marxist-Leninist)

A Call For Unity and Struggle – Against Disunity and Liquidation by the Communist Party of Canada (Marxist-Leninist)

Some Problems Facing the Student Movement by the Communist Party of Canada (Marxist-Leninist)

For the Unity of All Marxist-Leninists Against Splits and Liquidation by the Communist Party of Canada (Marxist-Leninist)

The Mouvement Revolutionnaire des Etudiants du Quebec by the Organization of Communist Workers (Marxist-Leninist)

Primary Materials

Students and the Revolutionary Movement

Towards the Marxist-Leninist Organization

Self-Criticism of MREQ

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Canadian Revolution

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Canadian Revolution was a magazine founded by members of the Toronto Communist Group, Workers Unity, and individuals who would later go on to form the Bolshevik Union. The magazine was intended as an open forum for Marxist-Leninists to debate issues related to communist theory and practice. Although only six issues were published (from spring 1975 into early 1976) Canadian Revolution managed to connect often isolated groups across Canada with one other. However, disputes between the Bolshevik Tendency (the initial name of the Bolshevik Union) and the other groups on the magazine over its direction soon disrupted further publishing. Moreover, both the Toronto Communist Group and Workers Unity were soon to merge with the expanding Quebec groups – In Struggle! and the Canadian Communist League.

Background Materials and Polemics

The Degeneration of Canadian Revolution by the Bolshevik Union

Periodical

Canadian Revolution Index

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The Bolshevik Union

The Bolshevik Union was originally formed as the Bolshevik Tendency by a group working with the magazine Canadian Revolution. The group held the position that the Canada’s native peoples were an oppressed nation and that Canada’s north is an internal colony. After the group split from Canadian Revolution, it started publishing its own magazine named Lines of Demarcation. Cover

Although the Bolshevik Union initially supported In Struggle!, it soon denounced both In Struggle! and the Canadian Communist League (M-L) for being right-opportunist and economist. Instead, the Bolshevik Union argued that the smaller anti-revisionist groups and collectives across the country should maintain their independence in order to sharpen the ideological struggle and not merge with the larger groups. It also questioned the concept of a “pre-party organization” which was felt to be a concept imported from the United States. The Bolshevik Union managed to recruit a group of In Struggle! members and sympathizers in Montreal and began publishing the monthly bilingual magazine, Proletarian Revolution.

The BU supported the Party of Labour’s criticism of the Three-Worlds Theory and socialist Albania until the PLA recognized the CPC (M-L) as the vanguard party in Canada. After that, it claimed that there had been no socialist camp since the death of Stalin. Thereafter, the BU started working closely with the Bolshevik League in the United States and a journal, Correspondances Internationales, that was published by African Marxist-Leninists in Paris. It disbanded sometime in the mid-1980s.

Background Materials and Polemics

When bourgeois nationalism replaces a class viewpoint. Bolshevik Union and the question of the native people by In Struggle!

Bolshevik Union: A Counter-Revolutionary Sect by the Canadian Communist League (Marxist-Leninist)

Deepening the criticism of the Bolshevik Union in the masses is to arm the workers to combat opportunism by In Struggle!

No to the Bolshevik Union’s splitting and wrecking practices! by In Struggle!

Unmask the imposters! Denounce the Bolshevik Union! by In Struggle!

Bolshevik Union and the opportunist Hardial Bains have a lot in common by the Regroupement des ex-militants du PCC(m-l)

A Strange Letter from the Bolshevik Union by In Struggle!

BU “Alone at last!” by In Struggle!

As Usual Alive Responds to Attacks!

Try, Fail, Try Again, Fail Again, Attacks on Alive Continue Alive #159, November 17, 1979

Regarding the Question of the Party of Labor of Albania by the Bolshevik League of the United States

Primary Documents

Nationhood or Genocide: The Struggle of the Native People Against Canadian and American Imperialism

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The whole is equal to the sum of the parts. Opportunism, Canadian Revolution and the Unity of Marxist-Leninists

LINES OF DEMARCATION, the Marxist-Leninist Movement and the Bolshevik Union

The Degeneration of Canadian Revolution

Defeat economism! A reply to Workers’ Unity (Toronto)

’Marxism and Leninism’: The Trade Union Work of Workers’ Unity (Toronto)

CCL(ML) criticizes the Bolshevik Union: A reply

“Not with Whom to Go, But Where to Go”

Editorial: Going against the tide

The Native National Question and the Marxist-Leninist Movement

Combat cynicism about recent events in China

The League “rallies” to the Bolshevik Union’s “obstructionist” line on Canadian Revolution

Right opportunism is dead! Long live right opportunism!

One Country, Many Marxism-Leninisms by the Mass Line Study Group

The “theory of cadres” and the first stage of party building

In Struggle changes its line on the principal contradiction

Unmask In Struggle! Denounce Gagnonism!

Hardial Bains and his so-called “Communist Party of Canada (Marxist-Leninist)”

The Expulsion of the League from ADDS: A Great Victory for Welfare Recipients

“CCL(ML)” The Canadian Counter-Revolutionary League (Social-Fascist)

The Party of Labor of Albania Came to Canada Under a Stolen Flag

Alive Magazine on the “Unsheltered Class” and its Dirty Language

The Great Conspiracy Against Stalin

War and Proletarian Revolution

On the “Third International Youth Camp” in Spain: Provocation Under Cover of Cries Against Provocation [International Correspondence, #1, Spring-Summer 1980]

Nuclear War?

Speech in New York. Lessons of 1905 and 1917: The Inevitable War and the Inevitable Proletarian Revolution

To: L’Union de Lutte Communiste (Upper Volta) Linea Bolchevique (Puerto Rico) La Voie Ouvriere (Ivory Coast) Bolshevik Union (Canada) En Avant! (Togo) Bolshevik League (United States) [critique of the BU] by MPLO Marxist-Leninist Party of Austria Gegen die Stromung, Westberliner Kommunist

Cuba: The Bitter Taste of a Sweet Revolution

Periodical

International Correspondence, # 1, Spring-Summer 1980

International Correspondence, # 3, Spring 1981

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Red Star Collective

The Red Star Collective (RSC), a Vancouver area Marxist-Leninist group in the 1970’s, developed out of the Vancouver Study Group (VSG) which was active from 1972 to 1976. For much of this period the VSG was the only group in Vancouver which sought to base its analyses in Marxism-Leninism. Founders and leading members of the VSC included former members of the Progressive Workers Movement.

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The RSC, like its predecessors, believed that Canada was not an imperialist country but rather an economic colony of the United States. However, it did not support the two-stage theory of an anti-imperialist revolution followed by socialism that the Progressive Workers Movement had put forward in the 1960’s. The RSC position was a minority one within the Marxist-Leninist movement during the 1970’s. However, some smaller groups such as the Halifax Study Group had similar positions. The RSC considered the Three Worlds Theory, developed by Mao, to be the correct approach to analyzing the international situation.

The RSC disagreed with the larger anti-revisionist groups like In Struggle! and the CCL (ML) on the priority of party building. While these two organizations saw the building of a vanguard party as the primary task of Canadian communists, the RSC held that the objective conditions did not yet exist for the creation of a vanguard party. The RSC saw the primary task as being to create these objective conditions (by strengthening the class consciousness, knowledge and organization of the working class and its allies). To this end, the RSC was active in labour, anti-imperialist and anti-racist movements as well as in conducting study groups and publishing various pamphlets.

The RSC willingly debated with other second wave anti-revisionist groups and worked in common campaigns with them and with other progressive organizations. The RSC participated in various conferences including some of those organized by In Struggle! Jack Scott – an RSC member and long-time activist – personally addressed the first IS! conference.

Like other second wave anti-revisionist groups, the RSC dissolved during the 1980s.

Background Materials and Polemics

Two Roads: the Origins of the Sino-Soviet Dispute by Jack Scott

The Real Aim of the Pamphlet Two Roads – The Origins of the Sino-Soviet Dispute Written by Jack Scott: Phoney Defense of China and Real Slander of Leninist and the October Revolution by the Communist Party of Canada (Marxist-Leninist)

Summary of the Strike Against Alcan in Kitimat B.C. by the May First Collective and October Study Group

Reply to the Evaluation of the Alcan Strike in Kitimat B.C. by the Red Star Collective

The Progressive Workers’ Movement and the Red Star Collective: A Legacy Of Economism And Bourgeois Nationalism In The Marxist-Leninist Movement by the Long March Collective

Primary Documents

Canada: Imperialist Power or Economic Colony?

Critique of In Struggle!’s “The Path of the Canadian Revolution”

The International Situation: World United Front & Proletarian Revolution

Discussion with Chinese Comrades (Notes on Chinese Foreign Policy) by Jack Scott

Critique Of In Struggle’s Declaration Of September 6, 1977 “Against Right Opportunism In International Questions”

Basis of Unity of the Red Star Collective

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Halifax Study Group

The Halifax Study Group had its origins in the East Coast Socialist Movement – a left group that supported workers’ struggles (such as the Nova Scotia fisherman’s strike in the early 1970’s) and published the newspaper, East Coast Worker. Two groups that identified with Marxism-Leninism emerged from the East Coast Socialist Movement (ECSM) when it dissolved in 1972. One group eventually became the Halifax Communist Group (which later joined In Struggle!). The other group became the Halifax Study Group (HSG).

The HSG was initially formed to work with the journal, Canadian Revolution, but as the Toronto groups joined the larger Marxist-Leninist formations and the Canadian Revolution project was abandoned, the HSG turned its attention to the analysis and critique of the new left in general, the major Canadian M-L groups in particular, and the connections it made between the two. The HSG’s New Infantilism pamphlet – which had begun as an analysis of the politics of the ECSM – was revised to take aim at what it saw as the ultra-leftism and “phoney Marxism” of In Struggle! and the Canadian Communist League (Marxist-Leninist). The HSG continued as a study group but dissolved in the early 1980s. The New Infantilism was its only publication.

Background Material

A Wind Blows from the East (Coast) [Halifax Platypus Society audio]

Polemics

Halifax Study Group’s brochure: an apology for right opportunism by the Canadian Communist League (Marxist-Leninist)

Primary Documents

New Infantilism. The “New Communist Movement” in Canada

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Alive Magazine

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Alive began in as a generally left-wing Guelph, Ontario high school literary magazine in Nov.-Dec. 1969, inspired by a teacher, Edward Pickersgill, who continued to play a leading role in the magazine until 1978. For a number of years, it continued in this pre-anti-revisionist mode. By the early-1970s, however, Alive was clearly aligned with the anti-revisionist movement, publishing a variety of revolutionary poems, short stories, literary criticism and cultural news, “in the tradition of Norman Bethune and Lu Xun.” For a brief period in the mid-1970s, Alive merged with the Communist Party of Canada (M-L)’s cultural journal Literature & Ideology, only to break with it shortly thereafter. Peak circulation of Alive in the mid-1970s was approximately 6,000 – with 5,000 copies per issue being sold on the streets and campuses in southern Ontario and another 1,000 by mail to paid subscribers. Alive closely followed the political-cultural line of the Communist Party of China in its poetry, short stories, and editorials – during the late 1970s, for example, it had a regular news column entitled: “Soviet Union: Greatest Threat for World War”. Alive ceased publication in 1980.

Background Materials and Polemics

Alive Magazine on the “Unsheltered Class” and its Dirty Language by the Bolshevik Union

Primary Documents

Alive Magazine: Literature & Ideology

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Consolidation of Alive Magazine and Literature & Ideology Will Serve to Concentrate Struggle in the Cultural Superstructure

Revolutionary Culture is a Practical Struggle

Writers and Artists Have Duty to Serve in the Worldwide Struggle Against Imperialism

Oppose Monopoly Capitalist Terrorism Against Individuals and Whole Segments of Society

Letter: Nothing Like Alive in England by T. Graham

The Progressive Cultural Club of the University of Guelph Sets a Good Example for Cultural Workers

Notes on the relations of Alive magazine and Literature and Ideology

Alive Magazine

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Harassment of Alive Intensified As Confusion Stirs In Some Circles About the Nature of Alive’s History!

CLM’s National Chauvinist Body Dead. Let’s Bury the Opportunist Spirit!

Dealing with the question: Should We Retract Our Characterization of Milton Acorn

The One That Got Away by John Burnley

Unravelling The Web

Six of One, Half a Dozen of Some Other by John Burnley

Introduction to the Updated “Alive View”

The Destruction of On the line by Cathie Lauzon

A Big U.S. League Error

Alive Will Move Forward! [special Edward Pickersgill issue]

Alive 125 Creates A Stir

Alive Production Collective Editorial: A New Flowering of Alive’s Anti-Imperialist Spirit and Determination

Further to the Exposure of Edward Pickersgill in Alive 125: Disrupting Anti-Imperialist Cultural Work in Alive’s Pages

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Developing Unity [on the founding of the U.S. League of Revolutionary Struggle (M-L)]

Sea of People's War Drowns Vietnamese Aggressors Alive #127, March 17, 1979

Book Review: The Challenge of the Kampuchean Revolution by E. San Juan Jr.

An Historical Overview of the China-Viet Nam Conflict Alive #128, March 24, 1979

Albania’s Incorrect Line Exposed Alive #128, March 24, 1979

LPR (M-L) Rectification

Struggle in New Zealand Develops

Now Globe Defends Bainzites

Native Struggles in Canada Alive #129, March 31, 1979

Socialist China Repulses Soviet-Instigated Attack Alive #129, March 31, 1979

Excerpts from a letter to Alive from an ex-member of the CLM, Toronto

Excerpts from a letter to Alive from Milton Acorn

Tian An Men Incident: A Completely Revolutionary Action Alive #130, April 7, 1979

On Anti-Imperialism and Unity [a speech delivered on July 2, 1979 by a member of the Alive Production Collective]

Excerpts from the Question and Answer Period

Response to Section 4, Alive 125: “Edward Pickersgill Had No Grasp Of Revolutionary Ideology” Cathy Lauzon

Letter to Alive from Cathy Lauzon

Answering Cathy Lauzon Alive #143, July 14, 1979

Unity for Revolution Alive #148, August 18, 1979

Editorials on the formation of the Workers Communist Party (Marxist-Leninist)

As Usual Alive Responds to Attacks!

Mao Zedong Thought and Our Revolutionary Work Alive #153, September 22, 1979

Try, Fail, Try Again, Fail Again, Attacks on Alive Continue Alive #159, November 17, 1979

Always Emulate Norman Bethune Alive #160, November 24, 1979

Worldwide Struggle for Unity

A Brief History of The Great Polemic Between the Communist Parties of China & Soviet Union

Joseph Stalin: A Teacher from the Working Class Alive #164, February 8, 1980

Summing Up Our Revolutionary Development and Looking Towards 1980 Alive #165, February 16, 1980

Past Lessons, Future Directions Alive #165, February 16, 1980

An Excerpt from the Question and Answer Period, January 1, 1980 Alive #165, February 16, 1980

An Excerpt from the Question and Answer Period, February 8, 1980 Alive #165, February 16, 1980

Guelph’s Own Revisionists

Guelph Maoists – A Critical Examination

An Interview with a Distinguished Counter-revolutionary

Short Fiction and Poetry

The Shoe by John Burnley

The Execution of the Infant Mary

Let Us Remember by Pat McLellan

The Taste of Oppression by Rita Bedard

Waitress, My Hot Pecan Pie Is Cold by George Steffler

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Western Voice

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Western Voice was founded in 1973 by staff members of the Vancouver “alternative” newspaper, Grape. The newspaper’s masthead described Western Voice as a “Newspaper of Working Class Struggle” and it covered labour and social struggles across Canada with an emphasis on British Columbia. While many in the Western Voice Collective (WVC) were sympathetic to Marxism-Leninism, this was not reflected in the paper which focused more on broad-based labour support and solidarity rather than putting forward a revolutionary political line. The trend of publishing progressive papers with no discernable revolutionary line by activists who identified with Marxism-Leninism was repeated across Canada during the early 1970s. Other examples include Mobilisation, published by Libraire Progressiste in Montreal, and Ottawa Worker and New Foundations in Ontario. These activists were either not attracted to the existing M-L organizations, such as the CPC (ML) or the CPL, or else believed that conditions were not yet right for the creation of a Marxist-Leninist party. However, with the publication of Canadian Revolution and the expansion of the Quebec M-L groups, many began to re-evaluate these positions. The Western Voice Collective, in the last two issues of the publication, began a process of self-criticisms and a public orientation to Marxism-Leninism. Not only did it publish its own material but also included translated material from the M-L groups in Quebec. The WVC eventually dissolved Western Voice and most of its members went on to join In Struggle! Others similar publications, such as Mobilisation, became affiliated with the CCL, while others simply ceased publishing.

Background Materials and Polemics

The CCL (ML) Response to the Political Documents of Western Voice

Primary Documents

Draft Political Resolutions

Against the Economist Line on the Western Voice

Liquidate Economism – Not the Struggle Against It

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The Organization of Communist Workers (Marxist-Leninist)

The OCW (ML) began in Guelph, Ontario as the Guelph Worker’s Committee. The latter described itself in a letter to Canadian Revolution as a ‥small group of workers studying Marxism-Leninism”. The GWC later renamed itself as the Organization of Communist Workers (Marxist-Leninist).

For a brief period of time, the OCW (ML) was allied with a U.S.-based collective, the Communist Workers Group (Marxist-Leninist), based in Kasas City, Missouri. The two groups issued a joint statement on the situation in China after the defeat of the “Gang of Four.”

The OCW (ML) seems to have disbanded not long after the publication the “Movement for the Party.”

Polemics

Three Letters to Canadian Revolution in response to the letter of the Guelph Workers Committee

The O.C.W.(M-L) will not participate at the Second Conference of Canadian Marxist-Leninists by In Struggle!

Primary Documents

Letter to Canadian Revolution from the Guelph Workers Committee

The Situation in China and Social-Chauvinism in Our Movement by the Organization of Communist Workers (ML) Canada and Communist Workers Group (ML) U.S.A.

The Movement For the Party

Matchmakers of Opportunism: Against En Lutte’s Unity Plan

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